Gas Solid Chromatography And Gas Liquid Chromatography Chemistry Essay

Gas Solid Chromatography And Gas Liquid Chromatography Chemistry Essay Gas chromatography mainly consists of Gas solid chromatography and Gas liquid chromatography, in both types gas is used as mobile phase and either solid or liquid used as stationary phase. Gas solid chromatography is not used widely because of limited number of stationary phases available. In Gas solid chromatography, the principle of separation is adsorption. Its mainly used for solutes which having less solubility in stationary phase. Principle and criteria required for gas chromatography Principle of separation in Gas liquid chromatography is partition only.  Gas is used as mobile phase and the liquid is coated on a solid support used as stationary phase. Hence those compounds can be separated according to their partition-coefficients. Criteria for the compounds to be analysed by gas chromatography are volataility and thermostability. Liquid Chromatography Liquid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or a plane. Liquid chromatography it utilizes very small amount of particles and relatively high pressure is applied called as high performance liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography mainly described as non-instrumental method. Since sample doesnt need to vaporize as like in gas chromatography. Potentially any compound can be analysed by this method. Elution can be done by surface adsorbtion , solvent partitioning, ion-exchange , relative solute size , and relative solubility. Both solute and solvents are attached to the polar sites on stationary phase Selection of solvent Its is depend upon various factors such as Solvent strength , polarity index. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using of more than one column in gas and liquid chromatography : The significant advantage over single column system rather than one or two dimensional systems are coupled in such a way that individual or group peaks are transfer from one column to another column for increase in resolution. Various things supporting for using of multidimensional systems are by observing results from various journals such as- Increase in resolution better separation Shortly analysis time Faster results Avoidence of column and detector contamination Increase of volume lifetime and reliability Increase in sensitivity improved detection by removal of overlapped peaks. Using of combinational approach for the improvement of conditional probabilities. To improve the analyte signal probability, nothing but Application of hyphenation. To minimize model residual error. The main approaches for using more than one or two columns in chromatography or analytical seperations are as follows: 1.Enrcihment 2.Heart-cutting 3.Back-flushing 1. Enrichment : This is the main approach that to identify or increase in amounts of trace components. Initially pre-concentration of trace elements can be packed on a column, and then more samples can be placed on packed column than a capillary. 2. Heart-cutting : For a complex mixture containing not only single column to resolve the all components of interest and very large peaks may appears those may masks the other components , by passing the resolved area to second column can be used to treat heart-cutting or cut and transfer. The main use of heartcutting inmulti dimensional chromatography either gas or liquid is the physical separation of a few trace target compounds in the presence of major interferences. The complete multi dimensional characterization of a sample requires a different approach.The arrangement of the adjacent heartcuts are performed within the samerun. By this we able to find out the maximum peak capacity of a system averagely. The second column using also must having different polarity from first column. 3.Back-flushing: If the sample contains both volatile and non-volatile substances respectively, the total experiment should have to done in one direction only. For this reason only one column is needed. In normal operations flow normally occers , after all faster eluting species has resolved. The value is switch, reversing the flow. In reverse phase For high moleculer weight species it would evolves and finally first portion of column to done the separation. Back-flushing reverse mode: Background work for Multi Dimensional Chromatography: It represents a powerfull tool and an alternative procedure to classical one dimensional High performance liquid chromatography. To obtain multiheartcut, 2-D GC has been developed. Narrow slices of effluent are periodically injected through a primary column into a short, high-speed secondary column. Components which are not resolved in the first dimension undergo a second separation step. The process is analogous to routine GC/MS and is also known as comprehensive 2-D GC. In both processes, the entire sample is sliced into narrow packets for further analyzation. The practical implementation of comprehensive 2-D GC is done by brainchild of Phillips who invented a thermal modulator as a sample introduction device. The main origin of multi dimensional gas and liquid chromatography is lies in planar chromatography i.e., partition between a liquid moving by capillary action across a strip of paper presented with second liquid. Most of the devolepments in past two decades, how ever, The multi dimensional chromatography is using for quantitative measurements. Introduction to Multi Dimensional Gas and Liquid Chromatography: Multidimensional chromatography is also known as coupled column chromatography or column switching chromatography or multiphase chromatography or boxcar chromatography or sequential analysis. Multidimensional chromatography includes the separation of complex mixtures by using multiple columns with different stationary phases. Those columns are coupled orthogonally, that the fractions from first column can be selectively transferred to the other columns for additional separation. This enables separation of trace elements from complex mixtures that cannot be separated by using a single column. Multi dimensional systems in chromatography: A chromatographic dimension is determined as a constant value of the distribution constant of an analyte within the same analysis. The experimental arrangements leading to its change within one run (such as different stationary phases, different temperatures) belong to multidimensional chromatography systems. Multi dimensional switching in chromatography: A switching dimension is sample inlet-separation part-detector within one analysis run. An experimental arrangement leading to multiplication of any part of the path of the moving object belongs to multi-dimensional switching systems. In multidimensional chromatography, the distribution constant is diferent in each part, and thus the analytes will behave different by them. Therefore, the separation in a one-dimensional system will be enhanced in proportion to the number of chromatographic dimensiones. It is describes that the multidimensional chromatography without mulditimensional switchning (temperature or program modes) and multidimensional switching without multidimensional chromatography. Hyphenated techniques can be both multidimensional separation systems (HPLC-GC) and multidimesional switching systems (FID-MS). Interfaces of different techniques (GC-FTIR) are very often considered as hyphenation but they are not necessarily multidimensional. In multidimensional chromatography, the distribution constant is different in each dimension, and thus the analytes will behave differently in them. The separation will be enhanced in proportion to the number of chromatographic dimensions. Instrumentation: Multi dimensional Gas and liquid chromatography : Mainly those injecting of samples via: Gas injector Liquid injector 1.Gas injector : This instrument is a controlled analyzer chamber which contains 6-way diaphragm valve and an injector loop in switching position A)clear path of the value the sample flows continuously over connections 5,6,3,4 through the injector loop, while the carrier gas supplies the separation column via the path1 and 2. In switching position B) dotted path samples is shorted via 5,4 the carrier gas flushes the samples which was measured in the injector loop to the separation column via 1,6,3,2 after the completion of the injection , time of injection will takes nearly 1 to 10 sec. Switching back to switching position A occurs . For gas injection , volume between 0.5 and 3ml are used depends upon analytical needs. 2.Liquid injector : Liquid samples can be introduced in liquid form. The required amount of liquid is the vapourized and supplied to the separation coloumn as a gas by using liquid gas injector valve which consists of 3 sections the pneumatic drive , sample through the vapourization system. Those techniques can be available with the multi dimensional gas and liquid chromatography are: Multi dimensional Thin Layer chromatography Multi dimensional Gas Chromatography Multi dimensional High Performance Liquid Chromatography Multi dimensional by using on-line coupled HPLC and capillary gas chromatography Multi dimensional super critical fluid chromatography Ultra high pressure multi dimensional liquid chromatography Interpretation of results : Chemometric study may useful for study of highly fused peaks, when multi channel detectors are used , this chemometric analysis is successful when they having potential peaks may occering with in chromatographic peaks , the chemometric methods automated so as to defuse regions of a chromatogram. Only problem with this technique when having one dimensional data and its mainly applicable for proteomics. Advantages of Multi dimensional chromatography Over one dimensional and two dimensional systems In both gas and liquid chromatographic systems: Mainly includes the separation of complex mixtures those cannot be separated by using a single column. Some of the separations can be done by multi dimensional chromatography are given below those are the main advantages for the multi dimensional liquid chromatography. Increase in resolution Shorter analysis system Extended column life Decrease in detection limits Preventing detector contamination Disadvantages of multi dimensional chromatographic systems: Detection through liquid chromatography may have limited sensitivity and thus for dilute analytes . Its necessary to introduce a concentration step. Requirements for multi dimensional systems (Both Gas and Liquid chromatographic systems) Those requirements for collaborative study or validated things for multidimensional system is Rapid analysis: If the samples having like high boiling point range , necessary to backflush the all components eluting from the first column after the components of interest have been transferred. This ensures an exact analysis and this end as well as clean analysing path for the next analysis. Precission: The measured things should be separate entirely from any interfearing ones are coupling columns and using heart cutting technique those can be estimated quantitatively. Reliability: By these pre-separation with first column and by transferring only the peak interest into second column that is the main analytical column and detector contamination can be prevented that may interrupt analysis. Wide range of analysis: Those components of different techniques having different techniques and having different characteristics such as boiling point , polarity and by using the same analytical system and the analytical method can be selected for optimum separation. Applications for multi dimensional gas and liquid chromatography: Common applications for Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Proteins and peptides à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drug isolation from urine and plasma à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Polysaccharides à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Homopolymers, oligomers, copolymers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Surfactants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ DNA fragments The most important application and the recent trend for this multi dimen sional chromatography is proteomics, The complex protein is separated by multi-dimensional liquid chromatography instead of using the two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Recent results obtained from journals through Multiple dimensional chromatography system: Identification of selenium species in urine by ion-pairing HPLC-ICP-MS Elemental Speciation by LC-ICP-MS: A Practical Tool for Environmental Analysis Effect of metal ions on the molecular weight distribution of humic substances derived from municipal compost: ultrafiltration and SEC with spectrophotometric and ICP-MS detection Environmentally friendly sample treatment for speciation analysis by hyphenated techniques. Green Chemistry. Trace humic and fulvic acids determination in natural water by cloud point extraction/ preconcentration using non-ionic and cationic surfactants and a FI-system with spectrophotometric detection. Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Sequential extractions of selenium soils: total selenium and speciation measurements with ICP-MS detection. Elemental Speciation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Elemental Speciation Studies, New Directions for Trace Metal Analysis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Preliminary Studies on Selenium-Containing Proteins in Brassica juncea by Size Exclusion Chromatography and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography Coupled to ICPMS. Additives in polymers Large scale analysis of yeast proteome by multiple dimensional protein identification technology Phosphorous speciation in functional foods Applications in industrial analysis Environmental analysis solves complex problems in environmental analysis Used to study peptidones and peptidomics by selective protein degradation turnover of enzymes can be studied We can list the following areas prime targets e.g essential oil and natural products analysis, chiral analysis (e.g fragrances) trace multi residue analysis, pesticide monitoring, petroleum products application, in fact any separation simply and greater resolution and sensitivity is mainly required. Determination of PCBS (Poly chlorinated bi-phenyls) Rapid determination of isoprenes. Proteome analysis of low-abundance proteins using the global profiling of endogenous small proteins and peptides of Selective protein degradation and to study turnover of enzymes e.g Ubiquitin-proteasome , endosome-lysozome.etc. Solid phase, synthesis reagents and automated scrrening systems by multi dimensional chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In environmental analysis it might be used for solving of complex problems in environmental analysis. Multi dimension chromatography is used as bio-marker for discovery Especially for ovarian cancer and brest cancer Recent trends in Multi dimensional gas and liquid chromatography: With respect to multi dimensional chromatography lots of applications in bio-technology, earlier many electrophoresis techniques were used to analyze the DNA or such compounds. And now the major analytical separations are going through the multi dimensional chromatography and analysis of petroleum in Egypt also and for purification of proteins. Coupled multi dimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry systems for complex peptide mixture analysis. SCX-RP/MS/MS SCX/RP/MS/MS HPLC using monolithic silica columns RP-RP 2D HPLCusing two different columns RP-RP 2D HPLCusing two similar columns Ion-exchange reversed phase 2D-HPLC using a monolithic column for two dimensional. IEX-RP 2D HPLC using a monolithic RP capillary column for two dimensional. SCX/RP/MS/MS MUDPIT Proteome analysis or Proteomics: Its a biochemical method which is using instead of two dimension gel electrophoresis, its mainly require very low flow rates in combination with small inner diameter columns for its high detection sensitivity. The micro valve, with low internal volume, can be positioned closely to the mass spectrometer for highest separation performance. In the first dimension, fractions of the peptide mixture elute from an ion exchange column by using a salt step gradient. Then each fraction is trapped on a small reversed-phase trapping column and then separated after the valve switches to a reversed column (the second dimension). Then the trapping column is first used to prevent salt from entering the mass spectrometer (ion suppression). Second, the column allows an enrichment step, which together with the low flow rate in the 2nd dimension provides high detection sensitivity. Conclusion: For the growing importance and to determination of various analytes like those present in complex mixtures such a techniques like multi dimensional chromatography are being proposed and those techniques having importance because of their precission and reliability and rapid analysis of samples , now-a-days these techniques might be used as bio-markers and also through such a improvement we achieved by this multi dimensional chromatographic systems are more advanced than orthogonal systems and two dimensional systems. This technique having various applications in industrial analysis and environmental analysis and as well as bio-markers and useful to identify trace amounts in complex mixtures.

John Grishams A Painted House Essay -- Essays Papers

John Grisham's A Painted House John Grisham’s book, ‘A Painted House’ places the reader within the walls of a simple home on the cotton fields of rural Arkansas. Within the first few pages, the author’s description of the setting quickly paints a picture of a hard working family and creates a shared concern with the reader about the family’s struggle to meet the basic needs of life. The description of the dusty roads, the unpainted board-sided house, the daily chore requirements and their lack of excess cause the reader a reaction of empathy for the family. Although the story takes place in a dusty setting very unfamiliar to most readers, the storyline is timeless and universal. Most everyone has a desire to meet the basic needs of life, embrace their family ties, and make others and ourselves proud. The crux of this book is that it does an excellent job in showing the reader through other’s examples and hardships to persevere and never give up. The title of the book, ‘A Painted House’ is based on the actual farmhouse in which the Chandler family resides. It was an old house. It was a fine house that had never been painted. For this particular family, paint - like eating meat with every meal - was a luxury. It was not a requirement to have a painted house. It was not a sign of laziness as the reader might initially expect. It was a sign of being frugal with money. In this bold example of persevering and never giving up, Mr. Grisham demonstrates to the reader that ’one can’t have everything’. The story is told through the eyes of seven year old Luke Chandler. Luke lives with his parents and grandparents on their rented farmland in the lowlands of Arkansas. It takes place during the harvest season for cotton in 1952. Like other cotton growers, these were hard times for the Chandlers. Their simple lives reached their zenith each year with the task of picking cotton. It’s more than any family can complete by themselves. In order to harvest the crops and get paid, the Chandlers must find cotton pickers to help get the crops to the cotton gin. In order to persevere, they must depend on others. They find two sets of migrant farm workers to assist them with their efforts: the Mexicans, and the Spruills - a family from the Arkansas hills that pick cotton for others each year. In reading the book, the reader learns quickly that l... ...ily is residing in the Chandler barn where the Mexicans first stayed. Luke and his parents are traveling to Michigan in order for Luke’s father can find a job in a automotive assembly plant, and Luke’s grandparents are staying at the old farmhouse with the hopes that the whole family will be back together soon. The hope from the reader is that all of the book’s characters will someday find true happiness. These folks work hard and our characters seem to deserve more than they currently have. Most readers can appreciate this feeling because it’s a feeling shared by everyone. In regards to the unpainted house: At the end of the book, only a corner of the house needs painting to be complete. It would have been very easy for our author to have completely finished in painting the house. However, that’s not what the premise nor the promise of the book contains. There is a big difference in completing a challenge, and being successful. Although life’s problems and challenges are never ending, the success in dealing with a challenge has more to do with the way it is done than in its completion. ‘The joy is certainly in the journey’ when reading the novel, ‘A Painted House’.

Environment: Global Warming and Current Carbon Dioxide Essay

Ansel Adams, a photographer and environmentalist, once said, â€Å"Once destroyed, nature’s beauty cannot be repurchased at any price. † Mother Earth is known as the one of the most beautiful planets and is the only planet that can support life. Unfortunately, Mother Earth is suffering due to many environmental problems that may affect humans and the ecosystem. These problems can result in major consequences for everyone’s daily life. The major environmental problems that are facing the world today are global warming, deforestation and air pollution. First of all, one of the greatest environmental concerns we have today is global warming. Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the earth’s average surface temperature. Global warming has resulted in several consequences. The rise of water temperature is related to global warming. The increase of water temperature is responsible in killing the ecosystem in the water as they could not tolerate the heat. For instance, coral reefs are highly sensitive to small changes in water temperature. Scientists say if current carbon dioxide emission trends continue on, the world coral reefs could be virtually destroyed by 2050. Global warming is indeed very worrying as it poses a great danger for our survivor. The sun’s scorching heat comes to Earth directly and hence the earth’s surface becomes seriously heated. Sea level is increasing rapidly as glaciers are melting with steady pace engulfing the islands having low land level. Research has been done that Maldives will sink by the end of the century due to rise of sea level as most of the land on the islands is just a metre above sea level. Furthermore, sea levels have risen between 4-8 inches worldwide during the last century, and experts predict they could rise as much 2 feet in the next 100 years. Next, deforestation is one of the major determinants of the world’s environmental problem. Deforestation refers to the cutting down and removal of all or most of the trees in a forested area. Deforestation has resulted in numerous adverse effects. Deforestation can cause biodiversity to decline. When forest is cleared, wildlife is deprived of habitat and becomes more vulnerable to hunting. In addition, 80% of the world’s documented species can be found in tropical rainforests and deforestation puts at risk a majority of the Earth’s biodiversity. Moreover, deforestation has caused soil erosion because when the soil is exposed to sun, it became very dry and eventually, infertile and could not be cultivated. When there is rainfall, it washes away the soil to the river then to the sea. Take the case of China, from the Yellow River, over 1. 6 billion tons of sediment flows into the ocean each year. The sediment comes mainly from soil erosion in the Loess Plateau in the northwest of the country. Finally, one of the most concern environmental problems today is air pollution. Air pollution generally means the contamination of air by smoke and other poisonous gases. Air pollution has resulted in several problems. Air pollution affects the health of people adversely such as heart disease and damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 2 million premature deaths are caused each year due to air pollution in cities across the world. Furthermore, air pollution can result in acid rain which can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone statues. Also, air pollutantssuch as carbon dioxide can cause ocean acidification which harm fish and other aquatic life. Air pollution has affected human’s everyday life, for instance, air pollution in Beijing has gone literally off the charts: the levels are so bad that they go well beyond the worst possible rating on the official air quality index. Mother Earth is our home and we have done so much harm to her. We should be responsible for the environmental problems we have caused. In order to prevent further destruction to Mother Earth, we have start now before it is too late. Firstly, though there is no known solution to global warming yet, there are solutions that will aid to prevent it from growing even further. For instance, planting a tree as a nation because during photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen and the cycle carry on when there is light available. A single tree can absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its lifetime. Also, through recycling half of the household waste, we can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. Secondly, there are no direct solutions to deforestation but many countries in the world have started reforestation and forestry, and East Asian nations are leading in this regard. Many East Asian countries, including China, have successfully managed to reverse deforestation. Likewise, by making suitable changes in the law, so that cutting trees in a forest area becomes a major crime. Through this, deforestation can be control. Last but not least, to solve air pollution, flue-gas desulfurisation can be use to remove sulfur dioxide from exhaust flue gases of fossil fuels power plants.  In order to reduce air pollution, cars are manufactured with catalytic converters which will convert harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide to harmless substances such as carbon dioxide. In conclusion, we, the human race are the cause of all these environmental problems. We should work together and help preserve and protect Mother Earth. If we don’t act now, the magnificent world will vanish and soon, all living things would suffer. It is our duty to help carry out actions that will help cease the threats that our environment is facing now.

Diagnosed With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 977 Words

Based on a true story, the movie Antwone Fisher starts by going through his adulthood suffering from childhood trauma. Antwone Fisher was born in Cleveland Ohio. From the day he was born he was unwanted. He was born in a prison institution, to a single mother. His father was killed by another girlfriend just two months before his birth. His mother showed little to no interest in him, and searches for foster homes for him to live in. He is sent to live with Mrs. Tate family in Glenville, Ohio, and that’s where the nightmare of an upbringing begins filled with constant abuse. Antwone Fisher in my point of view points out realization to the whole adulthood how childhood plays a big role towards the older you. Throughout the essay I will explain why I believe Antwone Fisher is Diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Dyslexia, and childhood trauma through step to-step process of Antwone Fisher abused as a child, sexual, physical, and emotional rollercoaster. Abuse is a major issue in the U.S. African America children are most likely to experience abuse, and the abusers are most likely to be the care giver. One factor that might have contributed to the abuse, was that it was likely acceptable in their community. Antwone experienced abuse from his care givers, his neighbors, and a family friend. Sufficient funds are a major factor in abuse. Mrs. Tates had a lot of members in the home, and money was tight for them. African American’s throughoutShow MoreRelatedShould Medical Therapy Be Diagnosed With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdischarge from general, under honorable conditions to honorable. The applicant states, in effect, his requests for an upgrade is based on a general discharge that was given for a positive urinalysis. The applicant contends, he was diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). He was receiving treatment for his in the line of duty PTSD disability. 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